Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke Of, Earl Of Nottingham, Earl Marshal

The son of John, 4th Lord Mowbray, Thomas was made Earl of Nottingham

Aesthetics, Three approaches to aesthetics

1. The study of the aesthetic concepts, or, more specifically, the analysis of the �language of criticism,� in which particular judgments are singled out and their logic and justification displayed. In his famous treatise On the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), Edmund Burke attempted

Eakins, Thomas

In 1875 Eakins, who had yet to become well known, decided to paint a major picture for the Centennial Exposition to be held in Philadelphia the following year. He took as his subject a scene that had become familiar to him - Samuel Gross of Jefferson Medical College operating in his clinic before his students. Gross was a magnetic teacher and one of the country's greatest surgeons.

East End

Traditional area of London, lying east of Shoreditch High Street, Houndsditch, Aldgate High Street, and Tower Bridge Approach. It extends eastward to the River Lea and lies mainly in the Inner London borough of Tower Hamlets, part of the historic county of Middlesex. In the Middle Ages the East End was part of the great parish of Stepney. It began to take on an identity

Shichi-fuku-jin

The Shichi-fuku-jin are a favourite

Losey, Joseph

After graduating from Dartmouth College (B.A., 1929) and Harvard University (M.A., 1930), Losey wrote book and theatre reviews. In 1935, while working as a European-based reporter for Variety, the

Moll Cutpurse

London-born, she began her career as a pickpocket, or cutpurse, but after being caught four times, she assumed male attire and turned to highway robbery, until she was apprehended and jailed briefly at Newgate. She then achieved a

Florian�polis

The first European settlement on the island was made in 1542 by Spaniards, but in 1675 control passed to the Portuguese, who established

Waiheke Island

The island, whose Maori name means �cascading waters,� was the site of manganese

Audaghost

Also spelled �Awdaghost� (fl. 9th - 11th century), former Berber town in the southwest Sahara, northwest of Timbuktu. Audaghost was an important terminus of the medieval trans-Saharan trade route. The town was primarily a centre where North African traders could buy gold from the kings of ancient Ghana. Audaghost was first an independent market town and later a tributary satellite of Ghana. It was

Puelche

Little is known of the Puelche prior to the

China, The Northern Expedition

In the Northern Expedition the outnumbered southern forces were infused with revolutionary spirit and fought with great �lan. They were assisted by propaganda corps, which subverted enemy troops and agitated among the populace in the enemy's rear. Soviet military advisers accompanied most of the divisions, and Soviet pilots reconnoitred the enemy positions.

Positron

Also called �positive electron,� any positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and constituting the antiparticle of a negative electron. Positrons were the first of the antiparticles to be predicted and discovered. P.A.M. Dirac postulated their existence (1930 - 31) to account for the otherwise superfluous negative energy states of the electron

Ibn Falaquera

His numerous works include Dialogue Between a Philosopher and a Man of Piety; an ethical treatise known as The Balm of Sorrow; an introduction

Brecht, Arnold

After studying at several universities, Brecht received a law degree from the University of Leipzig in 1906 and, after in-service training, was appointed a judge in L�beck in 1910. In the same year

Chacabuco, Battle Of

(Feb. 12, 1817), in the Latin-American wars of independence, a victory won by South American patriots over Spanish royalists near Santiago, Chile. It began the expulsion of the Spaniards from Chile, completed the next year at the Battle of Maip�. After Argentine independence from Spain had been declared in 1816, Jos� de San Mart�n, leader of the independence movement in southern South

Hoceima, Al-

Spanish �Alhucemas, � city, northern Morocco. The city, founded by Spaniards in 1926 as Villa Sanjurjo, still has a large Spanish population. Situated on Al-Hoceima Bay, it is a small fishing port, food-processing centre, and beach resort just northwest of the islets of the Spanish plaza (enclave) of Alhucemas. It is connected by road with Nador and T�touan. Pop. (1982) mun., 41,662.

Sal Island

Portuguese �Ilha Do Sal, � northeasternmost island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the coast of western Africa. It has an area of 83 square miles (216 square km) and rises to an elevation of 1,332 feet (406 m). Sal (Portuguese for �salt�) is noted for its saltworks near the towns of Pedra Lume and Santa Maria, the island's chief town. The town of Espargo has an international airport. Pop. (1990 prelim.) 7,998.

Duchamp, Marcel

French artist who broke down the boundaries between works of art and everyday objects. After the sensation caused by �Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2� (1912), he painted few other pictures. His irreverence for conventional aesthetic standards led him to devise his famous ready-mades and heralded an artistic revolution. Duchamp was friendly

Endocrine System

Comparative endocrinologists investigate the evolution

Bloat

Also called �hoven or tympanites� disorder of ruminant animals involving distention of the rumen, the first of the four divisions of the stomach, with gas of fermentation. Bloated cattle are restless and noticeably uncomfortable and have distended left flanks. Bloat may occur after cattle have eaten alfalfa, winter wheat, and certain types of clover. Though deaths have occurred, economic losses

Norfolk, Thomas Of Brotherton, Earl Of

He was created Earl of Norfolk in 1312 and was given vast lands in England, Wales, and Ireland; Edward II further distinguished him by creating him marshal of England. However, although he at first sided with the king, he was one of the first

Bruce Peninsula

Also called �Saugeen Peninsula, � extension of the Niagara Escarpment, southeastern Ontario, Canada. The peninsula juts northwestward for 60 miles (100 km) into Lake Huron, separating that lake from Georgian Bay. After rising abruptly from its rugged east coast to heights of 200 - 500 feet (60 - 150 m) above the lake, the peninsula slopes gradually to its western coast. Although it is poor agriculturally, it is a popular vacation

Coligny, Gaspard Ii De, Seigneur (lord) De Ch�tillon

Coligny was the son of Gaspard I de Coligny, the marshal of Ch�tillon, and Louise de Montmorency, sister of Anne de Montmorency, constable of France. At 22 Coligny came to court and became friendly with Fran�ois de Lorraine, 2nd duc de Guise. He served

Tarafah

Little is known with any certainty of Tarafah's life. He is traditionally acknowledged to have been an extraordinarily precocious poet,

Irish Wolfhound

Tallest of all dog breeds, a keen-sighted hound used in Ireland for many years to hunt wolves and other game. An ancient breed, first mentioned about the 2nd century AD, it is similar in build to the greyhound but far more powerful. The female, which is smaller than the male, stands a minimum of 76 cm (30 inches) and weighs a minimum of 48 kg (105 pounds); male wolfhounds may greatly exceed this

Ibrahim

Early in his reign under the guidance of the able but ambitious grand vizier Kemankes Kara Mustafa

Hagia Sophia

Also called �Church Of The Holy Wisdom, �Turkish �Ayasofya, � cathedral built at Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. It is a unique building and one of the world's great monuments, despite time's ravages. The structure, a domed basilica, was built in the amazingly short time of about six years, being completed in AD 537. The architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus.